The Jolly Roger is the name given to any of various flags flown to identify a ship’s crew as pirates in the 17th and 18th centuries. The flag most usually identified as the Jolly Roger today is the skull and crossbones, being a flag consisting of a skull above two crossed bones on a black field.
The name Jolly Roger goes back to at least 1721, when Bartholomew Roberts was said to have named his flag the Jolly Roger. Francis Spriggs was said to have done the same in 1723. Interestingly, neither of their flags consisted of the skull and crossbones and bother of their designs were quite different from each other.
It is most commonly assumed that the phrase originated from the French words jolie rouge, or “pretty red.” This is supported by the slang term given for beggars and vagrants who “pretended scholarship” in the Elizabethan era: rouge, or Roger. Since the 16th century, Dutch privateers had been called “Sea Beggars,” also lending credibility to the theory.
The flag was not flown all of the time. To mask their identity from the navies that might hunt them down, they would typically fly false colors or no colors until they had their victims within firing range. At that time, they would lower the false flag and raise the Jolly Roger, often firing a warning shot at the same time. The flag was flown to frighten their victims by letting them know they were dealing with outlaws who would not be following any codes of honor. They hoped that the Jolly Roger would make their victims give up without a fight.
For many pirates, the black flag was not enough. When flying the black Jolly Roger, it meant that they would give quarter to their victims, but, if they resisted, the black flag would be lowered and a blood-red flag would be raised showing that no quarter would be given and they intended to take the ship by force and without mercy.
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